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|Streptomycin Sulfate |
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SUSCEPTIBILITY TESTS: Diffusion TechniquesQuantitative methods that require measurement of zone diameters give the most precise estimate of the susceptibility of bacteria to antimicrobial agents. One such standard procedure1 which has been recommended for use with disks to test susceptibility of organisms to streptomycin uses the 10 mcg streptomycin disk. Interpretation involves the correlation of the diameter obtained in the disk test with the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) for streptomycin. Reports from the laboratory giving results of the standard single disk susceptibility test with a 10 mcg streptomycin disk should be interpreted according to the following criteria:
A report of "Susceptible" indicates that the pathogen is likely to respond to monotherapy with streptomycin. A report of "Intermediate" indicates that the result be considered equivocal, and, if the organism is not fully susceptible to alternative clinically feasible drugs, the test should be repeated. This category provides a buffer zone which prevents small uncontrolled technical factors from causing major discrepancies in interpretations. A report of "Resistant" indicates that achievable drug concentrations are unlikely to be inhibitory and other therapy should be selected. Standardized procedures require the use of laboratory control organisms. The 10 mcg streptomycin disk should give the following zone diameter:
Two standardized in vitro susceptibility methods are available for testing streptomycin against Mycobacterium tuberculosis organisms. The agar proportion method (CDC or NCCLS M24-P) utilizes middlebrook 7H10 medium impregnated with streptomycin at two final concentrations, 2.0 and 10.0 mcg/mL. MIC90 values are calculated by comparing the quantity of organisms growing in the medium containing drug to the control cultures. Mycobacterial growth in the presence of drug ≥1% of the control indicates resistance. The radiometric broth method employs the BACTEC 460 machine to compare the growth index from untreated control cultures to cultures grown in the presence of 6.0 mcg/mL of streptomycin. Strict adherence to the manufacturer"s instructions for sample processing and data interpretation is required for this assay. Susceptibility test results obtained by these two different methods cannot be compared unless equivalent drug concentrations are evaluated. The clinical relevance of in vitro susceptibility test results for mycobacterial species other than M. tuberculosis using either the BACTEC or the proportion method has not been determined. Indications and Usage for Streptomycin SulfateStreptomycin is indicated for the treatment of individuals with moderate to severe infections caused by susceptible strains of microorganisms in the specific conditions listed below: 1. Mycobacterium tuberculosis: The Advisory Council for the Elimination of Tuberculosis, the American Thoracic Society, and the Center for Disease Control recommend that either streptomycin or ethambutol be added as a fourth drug in a regimen containing isoniazid (INH), rifampin and pyrazinamide for initial treatment of tuberculosis unless the likelihood of INH or rifampin resistance is very low. The need for a fourth drug should be reassessed when the results of susceptibility testing are known. In the past when the national rate of primary drug resistance to isoniazid was known to be less than 4% and was either stable or declining, therapy with two and three drug regimens was considered adequate. If community rates of INH resistance are currently less than 4%, an initial treatment regimen with less than four drugs may be considered. Streptomycin is also indicated for therapy of tuberculosis when one or more of the above drugs is contraindicated because of toxicity or intolerance. The management of tuberculosis has become more complex as a consequence of increasing rates of drug resistance and concomitant HIV infection. Additional consultation from experts in the treatment of tuberculosis may be desirable in those settings. 2. Non-tuberculosis infections: The use of streptomycin should be limited to the treatment of infections caused by bacteria which have been shown to be susceptible to the antibacterial effects of streptomycin and which are not amenable to therapy with less potentially toxic agents.
ContraindicationsA history of clinically significant hypersensitivity to streptomycin is a contraindication to its use. Clinically significant hypersensitivity to other aminoglycosides may contraindicate the use of streptomycin because of the known cross-sensitivity of patients to drugs in this class. WarningsOtotoxicityBoth vestibular and auditory dysfunction can follow the administration of streptomycin. The degree of impairment is directly proportional to the dose and duration of streptomycin administration, to the age of the patient, to the level of renal function and to the amount of underlying existing auditory dysfunction. The ototoxic effects of the aminoglycosides, including streptomycin, are potentiated by the co-administration of ethacrynic acid, mannitol, furosemide and possibly other diuretics. The vestibulotoxic potential of streptomycin exceeds that of its capacity for cochlear toxicity. Vestibular damage is heralded by headache, nausea, vomiting and disequilibrium. Early cochlear injury is demonstrated by the loss of high frequency hearing. Appropriate monitoring and early discontinuation of the drug may permit recovery prior to irreversible damage to the sensorineural cells. SulfitesStreptomycin contains sodium metabisulfite, a sulfite that may cause allergic type reactions including anaphylactic symptoms and life-threatening or less severe asthmatic episodes in certain susceptible people. The over-all prevalence of sulfite sensitivity in the general population is unknown and probably low. Sulfite sensitivity is seen more frequently in asthmatic than in non-asthmatic people. PregnancyStreptomycin can cause fetal harm when administered to a pregnant woman. Because streptomycin readily crosses the placental barrier, caution in use of the drug is important to prevent ototoxicity in the fetus. If this drug is used during pregnancy, or if the patient becomes pregnant while taking this drug, the patient should be apprised of the potential hazard to the fetus. PrecautionsGeneralBaseline and periodic caloric stimulation tests and audiometric tests are advisable with extended streptomycin therapy. Tinnitus, roaring noises, or a sense of fullness in the ears indicates need for audiometric examination or termination of streptomycin therapy or both. Care should be taken by individuals handling streptomycin for injection to avoid skin sensitivity reactions. As with all intramuscular preparations, Streptomycin Sulfate Injection should be injected well within the body of a relatively large muscle and care should be taken to minimize the possibility of damage to peripheral nerves. (See DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION.) Extreme caution must be exercised in selecting a dosage regimen in the presence of preexisting renal insufficiency. In severely uremic patients a single dose may produce high blood levels for several days and the cumulative effect may produce ototoxic sequelae. When streptomycin must be given for prolonged periods of time alkalinization of the urine may minimize or prevent renal irritation. A syndrome of apparent central nervous system depression, characterized by stupor and flaccidity, occasionally coma and deep respiratory depression, has been reported in very young infants in whom streptomycin dosage had exceeded the recommended limits. Thus, infants should not receive streptomycin in excess of the recommended dosage. In the treatment of venereal infections such as granuloma inguinale, and chancroid, if concomitant syphilis is suspected, suitable laboratory procedures such as a dark field examination should be performed before the start of treatment, and monthly serologic tests should be done for at least four months. As with other antibiotics, use of this drug may result in overgrowth of nonsusceptible organisms, including fungi. If superinfection occurs, appropriate therapy should be instituted. Drug InteractionsThe ototoxic effects of the aminoglycosides, including streptomycin, are potentiated by the co-administration of ethacrynic acid, furosemide, mannitol and possibly other diuretics. PregnancyCategory DSee WARNINGS section. Nursing MothersBecause of the potential for serious adverse reactions in nursing infants from streptomycin, a decision should be made whether to discontinue nursing or to discontinue the drug, taking into account the importance of the drug to the mother. Pediatric Use(See DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION.) Adverse ReactionsThe following reactions are common: vestibular ototoxicity (nausea, vomiting, and vertigo); paresthesia of face; rash; fever; urticaria; angioneurotic edema; and eosinophilia. The following reactions are less frequent: cochlear ototoxity (deafness); exfoliative dermatitis; anaphylaxis; azotemia; leucopenia; thrombocytopenia; pancytopenia; hemolytic anemia; muscular weakness; and amblyopia. Vestibular dysfunction resulting from the parenteral administration of streptomycin is cumulatively related to the total daily dose. When 1.8 to 2 g/day are given, symptoms are likely to develop in the large percentage of patients–especially in the elderly or patients with impaired renal function–within four weeks. Therefore, it is recommended that caloric and audiometric tests be done prior to, during, and following intensive therapy with streptomycin in order to facilitate detection of any vestibular dysfunction and/or impairment of hearing which may occur. Vestibular symptoms generally appear early and usually are reversible with early detection and cessation of streptomycin administration. Two to three months after stopping the drug, gross vestibular symptoms usually disappear, except for the relative inability to walk in total darkness or on very rough terrain. Although streptomycin is the least nephrotoxic of the aminoglycosides, nephrotoxicity does occur rarely. Clinical judgment as to termination of therapy must be exercised when side effects occur. Streptomycin Sulfate Dosage and AdministrationIntramuscular Route Only Adults: The preferred site is the upper outer quadrant of the buttock, (i.e., gluteus maximus), or the mid-lateral thigh. Children: It is recommended that intramuscular injections be given preferably in the mid-lateral muscles of the thigh. In infants and small children the periphery of the upper outer quadrant of the gluteal region should be used only when necessary, such as in burn patients, in order to minimize the possibility of damage to the sciatic nerve. The deltoid area should be used only if well developed such as in certain adults and older children, and then only with caution to avoid radial nerve injury. Intramuscular injections should not be made into the lower and mid-third of the upper arm. As with all intramuscular injections, aspiration is necessary to help avoid inadvertent injection into a blood vessel. Injection sites should be alternated. As higher doses or more prolonged therapy with streptomycin may be indicated for more severe or fulminating infections (endocarditis, meningitis, etc.), the physician should always take adequate measures to be immediately aware of any toxic signs or symptoms occurring in the patient as a result of streptomycin therapy. 1. TUBERCULOSIS: The standard regimen for the treatment of drug susceptible tuberculosis has been two months of INH, rifampin and pyrazinamide followed by four months of INH and rifampin (patients with concomitant infection with tuberculosis and HIV may require treatment for a longer period). When streptomycin is added to this regimen because of suspected or proven drug resistance (see INDICATIONS AND USAGE section), the recommended dosing for streptomycin is as follows:
Streptomycin is usually administered daily as a single intramuscular injection. A total dose of not more than 120 g over the course of therapy should be given unless there are no other therapeutic options. In patients older than 60 years of age the drug should be used at a reduced dosage due to the risk of increased toxicity. (See BOXED WARNING.) Therapy with streptomycin may be terminated when toxic symptoms have appeared, when impending toxicity is feared, when organisms become resistant, or when full treatment effect has been obtained. The total period of drug treatment of tuberculosis is a minimum of 1 year; however, indications for terminating therapy with streptomycin may occur at any time as noted above. 2. TULAREMIA: One to 2 g daily in divided doses for 7 to 14 days until the patient is afebrile for 5 to 7 days. 3. PLAGUE: Two grams of streptomycin daily in two divided doses should be administered intramuscularly. A minimum of 10 days of therapy is recommended. 4. BACTERIAL ENDOCARDITIS:
5. CONCOMITANT USE WITH OTHER AGENTS: For concomitant use with other agents to which the infecting organism is also sensitive: Streptomycin is considered a second-line agent for the treatment of gram-negative bacillary bacteremia, meningitis, and pneumonia; brucellosis; granuloma inguinale; chancroid, and urinary tract infection. For adults: 1 to 2 grams in divided doses every six to twelve hours for moderate to severe infections. Doses should generally not exceed 2 grams per day. For children: 20 to 40 mg/kg/day (8 to 20 mg/lb/day) in divided doses every 6 to 12 hours. (Particular care should be taken to avoid excessive dosage in children.) Parenteral drug products should be inspected visually for particulate matter and discoloration prior to administration, whenever solution and container permit. How is Streptomycin Sulfate SuppliedStreptomycin Sulfate Injection, USP is supplied in packages of 10 ampules (NDC 0049-0620-33). Each ampule contains Streptomycin Sulfate equivalent to 1 g of streptomycin in 2.5 mL. Store under refrigeration at 36° to 46°F (2° to 8°C). REFERENCES
Rx Only LAB-0235-2.0 August 2006
Revised: 10/2006 Where can I get more information about Streptomycin Sulfate ? We recommend to use www.Drugs.com Typical mistypes for Streptomycin Sulfate atreptomycin sulfate, ztreptomycin sulfate, xtreptomycin sulfate, dtreptomycin sulfate, etreptomycin sulfate, wtreptomycin sulfate, srreptomycin sulfate, sfreptomycin sulfate, sgreptomycin sulfate, syreptomycin sulfate, s6reptomycin sulfate, s5reptomycin sulfate, steeptomycin sulfate, stdeptomycin sulfate, stfeptomycin sulfate, stteptomycin sulfate, st5eptomycin sulfate, st4eptomycin sulfate, strwptomycin sulfate, strsptomycin sulfate, strdptomycin sulfate, strrptomycin sulfate, str4ptomycin sulfate, str3ptomycin sulfate, streotomycin sulfate, streltomycin sulfate, stre-tomycin sulfate, stre0tomycin sulfate, strepromycin sulfate, strepfomycin sulfate, strepgomycin sulfate, strepyomycin sulfate, strep6omycin sulfate, strep5omycin sulfate, streptimycin sulfate, streptkmycin sulfate, streptlmycin sulfate, streptpmycin sulfate, strept0mycin sulfate, strept9mycin sulfate, streptonycin sulfate, streptokycin sulfate, streptojycin sulfate, streptomtcin sulfate, streptomgcin sulfate, streptomhcin sulfate, streptomucin sulfate, streptom7cin sulfate, streptom6cin sulfate, streptomyxin sulfate, streptomyvin sulfate, streptomyfin sulfate, streptomydin sulfate, streptomycun sulfate, streptomycjn sulfate, streptomyckn sulfate, streptomycon sulfate, streptomyc9n sulfate, streptomyc8n sulfate, streptomycib sulfate, streptomycim sulfate, streptomycij sulfate, streptomycih sulfate, streptomycin aulfate, streptomycin zulfate, streptomycin xulfate, streptomycin dulfate, streptomycin eulfate, streptomycin wulfate, streptomycin sylfate, streptomycin shlfate, streptomycin sjlfate, streptomycin silfate, streptomycin s8lfate, streptomycin s7lfate, streptomycin sukfate, streptomycin supfate, streptomycin suofate, streptomycin suldate, streptomycin sulcate, streptomycin sulvate, streptomycin sulgate, streptomycin sultate, streptomycin sulrate, streptomycin sulfzte, streptomycin sulfste, streptomycin sulfwte, streptomycin sulfqte, streptomycin sulfare, streptomycin sulfafe, streptomycin sulfage, streptomycin sulfaye, streptomycin sulfa6e, streptomycin sulfa5e, streptomycin sulfatw, streptomycin sulfats, streptomycin sulfatd, streptomycin sulfatr, streptomycin sulfat4, streptomycin sulfat3, treptomycin sulfate, sreptomycin sulfate, steptomycin sulfate, strptomycin sulfate, stretomycin sulfate, strepomycin sulfate, streptmycin sulfate, streptoycin sulfate, streptomcin sulfate, streptomyin sulfate, streptomycn sulfate, streptomyci sulfate, streptomycinsulfate, streptomycin ulfate, streptomycin slfate, streptomycin sufate, streptomycin sulate, streptomycin sulfte, streptomycin sulfae, streptomycin sulfat, tsreptomycin sulfate, srteptomycin sulfate, sterptomycin sulfate, strpetomycin sulfate, stretpomycin sulfate, strepotmycin sulfate, streptmoycin sulfate, streptoymcin sulfate, streptomcyin sulfate, streptomyicn sulfate, streptomycni sulfate, streptomyci nsulfate, streptomycins ulfate, streptomycin uslfate, streptomycin slufate, streptomycin suflate, streptomycin sulafte, streptomycin sulftae, streptomycin sulfaet, sstreptomycin sulfate, sttreptomycin sulfate, strreptomycin sulfate, streeptomycin sulfate, strepptomycin sulfate, strepttomycin sulfate, streptoomycin sulfate, streptommycin sulfate, streptomyycin sulfate, streptomyccin sulfate, streptomyciin sulfate, streptomycinn sulfate, streptomycin sulfate, streptomycin ssulfate, streptomycin suulfate, streptomycin sullfate, streptomycin sulffate, streptomycin sulfaate, streptomycin sulfatte, streptomycin sulfatee, etc.
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