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|Penicillin G Penicillin G |
Drugs search, click the first letter of a drug name: | A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | J | K | L | M | N | O | P | Q | R | S | T | U | V | W | X | Y | Z | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 8 | 9 Home Penicillin GPronouncation: (pen-ih-SILL-in G)Class: Natural penicillin Penicillin G Potassium Trade Names: Trade Names: Trade Names: Penicillin G Benzathine Trade Names: Trade Names: Mechanism of ActionPharmacologyInhibits mucopeptide synthesis of bacterial cell wall. PharmacokineticsAbsorptionVaries considerably, 15% to 30% (oral) and slow absorption (IM). T max is 1 to 2 h (oral), and 24 h (benzathine IM), 4 h (procaine IM). C max is 2.2 to 17 mcg/mL (IV), 0.03 to 0.05 mcg/mL (benzathine IM). DistributionDistributed throughout body tissues; highest levels found in kidneys with lesser amount in liver, skin, and intestines. Also, penetrates CSF; however, concentrations are low with noninflammed meninges, as is penetration in purulent bronchial secretions. Protein binding is 60% (oral), primarily albumin. Vd is 0.5 to 0.7 L/kg (oral). Crosses the placenta; distributes into breast milk. MetabolismHepatic metabolism accounts for less than 30% of the biotransformation. EliminationRenal (largely unchanged); hepatic inactivation and excretion in bile; t ½ 1.4 h or less. DurationSustaining levels for up to 4 wk (benzathine). Special PopulationsRenal Function ImpairmentNeonates and young infants with impaired renal function have delayed excretion. Indications and UsagePenicillin GTreatment of infections caused by susceptible microorganisms. Penicillin G ProcaineTreatment of moderately severe infections caused by penicillin G–sensitive microorganisms that are sensitive to low and persistent serum levels achieved with this dose form. Penicillin G BenzathineMild to moderate upper respiratory tract infections, venereal diseases, and prophylaxis of rheumatic fever or chorea caused by penicillin G–sensitive microorganisms that are susceptible to the low and very prolonged serum levels common to this dosage form. ContraindicationsHypersensitivity to penicillins. Do not treat severe pneumonia, empyema, bacteremia, pericarditis, meningitis, and purulent or septic arthritis with oral penicillin G during acute stage. Dosage and AdministrationDosage may vary with site of infection and organism being treated. Penicillin G (Aqueous Potassium or Sodium)Adults IV / IM 1 to 24 million units/day in divided doses every 4 to 6 h. ChildrenIV / IM 100,000 to 250,000 units/kg/day in divided doses every 4 h. Infants (older than 7 days of age and more than 2,000 g)IV / IM 100,000 units/kg/day in divided doses every 6 h (meningitis: 200,000 units/kg/day in divided doses every 6 h). Infants (younger than 7 days of age and more than 2,000 g)IV / IM 50,000 units/kg/day in divided doses every 8 h (meningitis: 150,000 units/kg/day in divided doses every 8 h). Infants (younger than 7 days of age and less than 2,000 g)IV / IM 50,000 units/kg/day in divided doses every 12 h (meningitis: 100,000 units/kg/day in divided doses every 12 h). Penicillin G PotassiumAdults and children older than 12 yr of age PO 200,000 to 500,000 units every 6 to 8 h. Infants and children younger than 12 yr of agePO 25,000 to 90,000 units/kg/day in 3 to 6 divided doses. Penicillin G Procaine (Aqueous)Adults and children (at least 27 kg) IM 600,000 to 1.2 million units/day in 1 to 2 doses. Children (under 27 kg)IM 300,000 units/day. Congenital Syphilis Children (under 32 kg)IM 50,000 units/kg/day as a single dose for 10 to 14 days. Neurosyphilis AdultsIM 2.4 million units/day plus probenecid 500 mg PO 4 times daily, both for 10 to 14 days. Penicillin G BenzathineAdults IM 1.2 to 2.4 million units in 1 dose. Children more than 27 kgIM 900,000 to 1.2 million units in 1 dose. Children and infants less than 27 kgIM 300,000 to 1.2 million units in 1 dose. NewbornsIM 50,000 units/kg in 1 dose. General Advice
Storage/Stability
Drug InteractionsAnticoagulants (oral and heparin)May increase bleeding risks of anticoagulant by prolonging bleeding time. Beta-blockersMay potentiate anaphylactic reactions of penicillin. ChloramphenicolMay cause synergism or antagonism to develop. Contraceptives, oralMay reduce efficacy of oral contraceptives. ErythromycinMay cause synergism or antagonism to develop. ProbenecidIncreases penicillin serum concentration. TetracyclinesMay impair bactericidal effects of penicillin G. IncompatibilityAminoglycosides, parenteralPenicillin may inactivate aminoglycosides in vitro; do not mix in same IV solution. May be used in combination for synergy if administered separately. Carbohydrate solutions at alkaline pHPenicillin solutions are rapidly inactivated. Laboratory Test InteractionsAntiglobulin (Coombs test): Drug may cause false-positive results. Urine glucose test: Drug may cause false-positive results with copper sulfate tests (Benedict test, Fehling test, or Clinitest tablets); enzyme-based tests (eg, Clinistix , Tes-tape ) are not affected. Urine protein determinations: Drug may cause false-positive reactions with sulfosalicylic acid and boiling test, acetic acid test, biuret reaction, and nitric acid test; bromphenol blue test ( Multi-Stix ) is not affected. Adverse ReactionsCNSDizziness; fatigue; insomnia; reversible hyperactivity; neurotoxicity (eg, lethargy, neuromuscular irritability, hallucinations, convulsions, seizures). EENTItchy eyes; stomatitis; gastritis; sore mouth or tongue; furry tongue; black “hairy” tongue; abnormal taste perception. GIGlossitis; dry mouth; nausea; anorexia; vomiting; abdominal pain or cramp; epigastric distress; diarrhea or bloody diarrhea; rectal bleeding; flatulence; enterocolitis; pseudomembranous colitis. GenitourinaryInterstitial nephritis (eg, oliguria, proteinuria, hematuria, hyaline casts, pyuria); nephropathy; increased BUN and creatinine. HematologicDecreased hemoglobin, hematocrit, RBC, WBC, neutrophils, lymphocytes, platelets; increased lymphocytes, monocytes, basophils, eosinophils and platelets; abnormal coagulation tests. MetabolicElevated serum alkaline phosphatase, hypernatremia; hypokalemia; hyperkalemia. MiscellaneousHypersensitivity reactions (eg, urticaria, angioneurotic edema, laryngospasm, laryngeal edema, bronchospasm, hypotension, vascular collapse, death, maculopapular to exfoliative dermatitis, vesicular eruptions, erythema multiforme, serum sickness, skin rashes); vaginitis; hyperthermia. PrecautionsPregnancyCategory B . LactationSmall amount excreted in breast milk. May cause diarrhea, candidiasis, or allergic response in nursing infant. HypersensitivityReactions range from mild to life-threatening. Administer drug with caution to cephalosporin-sensitive patients because of possible crossreactivity. Renal FunctionUse drug with caution; may require dosage adjustment. SuperinfectionMay result in bacterial or fungal overgrowth of nonsusceptible organisms. Tartrazine SensitivitySome products contain tartrazine, which may cause allergic-type reactions in susceptible individuals. Electrolyte contentPenicillin G aqueous sodium contains 2 mEq sodium per 1 million units. Penicillin G aqueous potassium contains 1.7 mEq potassium and 0.3 mEq sodium per 1 million units. Beware of iatrogenic electrolyte abnormalities and fluid overload. Procaine sensitivityIf sensitivity to procaine in penicillin G procaine is suspected, inject 0.1 mL of 1% to 2% procaine solution intradermally. If erythema, wheal, flare, or eruption develops, do not use procaine penicillin preparations. Pseudomembranous colitisMay occur because of overgrowth of clostridia. OverdosageSymptomsNeuromuscular hyperexcitability, convulsions, agitation, confusion, asterixis, hallucinations, stupor, coma, multifocal myoclonus, seizures, encephalopathy, hyperkalemia. Patient Information
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