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|Naproxen delayed release tablet Naproxen Delayed Release Tablets |
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Gastrointestinal Risk
Naproxen DescriptionNaproxen is a propionic acid derivative related to the arylacetic acid group of non-steroidal anti‑inflammatory drugs. The chemical name for Naproxen is (+)‑6‑methoxy‑α‑methyl‑2‑naphthaleneacetic acid. It has the following structural formula:  C14H14O3 M.W. 230.26 Naproxen is a practically odorless, white to off‑white crystalline substance. It is lipid‑soluble, practically insoluble in water at low pH and freely soluble in water at high pH. The octanol/water partition coefficient of Naproxen at pH 7.4 is 1.6 to 1.8. Naproxen delayed-release tablets are available as enteric-coated, white to off-white tablets containing 375 mg or 500 mg of Naproxen for oral administration. The inactive ingredients are: corn starch, croscarmellose sodium, FD&C Blue No. 2, magnesium stearate, methacrylic acid copolymer-dispersion, povidone, talc, titanium dioxide, and triethyl citrate. The dissolution of this enteric‑coated Naproxen tablet is pH dependent with rapid dissolution above pH 6. There is no dissolution below pH 4. Naproxen - Clinical PharmacologyPharmacodynamicsNaproxen is a non-steroidal anti‑inflammatory drug (NSAID) with analgesic and antipyretic properties. The sodium salt of Naproxen has been developed as a more rapidly absorbed formulation of Naproxen for use as an analgesic. The mechanism of action of the Naproxen anion, like that of other NSAIDs, is not completely understood but may be related to prostaglandin synthetase inhibition. PharmacokineticsNaproxen is rapidly and completely absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract with an in vivo bioavailability of 95%. The different dosage forms of Naproxen are bioequivalent in terms of extent of absorption (AUC) and peak concentration (Cmax); however, the products do differ in their pattern of absorption. These differences between Naproxen products are related to both the chemical form of Naproxen used and its formulation. Even with the observed differences in pattern of absorption, the elimination half‑life of Naproxen is unchanged across products ranging from 12 to 17 hours. Steady‑state levels of Naproxen are reached in 4 to 5 days and the degree of Naproxen accumulation is consistent with this half‑life. This suggests that the differences in pattern of release play only a negligible role in the attainment of steady-state plasma levels. AbsorptionDelayed-releaseNaproxen delayed-release tablets are designed with a pH‑sensitive coating to provide a barrier to disintegration in the acidic environment of the stomach and to lose integrity in the more neutral environment of the small intestine. The enteric polymer coating selected for Naproxen delayed-release tablets dissolves above pH 6. When Naproxen delayed-release tablets were given to fasted subjects, peak plasma levels were attained about 4 to 6 hours following the first dose (range: 2 to 12 hours). An in vivo study in man using radiolabeled Naproxen delayed-release tablets demonstrated that Naproxen delayed-release tablets dissolve primarily in the small intestine rather than the stomach, so the absorption of the drug is delayed until the stomach is emptied. When Naproxen delayed-release tablets and Naproxen tablets were given to fasted subjects (n = 24) in a crossover study following 1 week of dosing, differences in time to peak plasma levels (Tmax) were observed, but there were no differences in total absorption as measured by Cmax and AUC: Antacid effectsWhen Naproxen delayed-release tablets were given as a single dose with antacid (54 mEq buffering capacity), the peak plasma levels of Naproxen were unchanged, but the time to peak was reduced (mean Tmax fasted 5.6 hours, mean Tmax with antacid 5 hours), although not significantly. Food effectsWhen Naproxen delayed-release tablets were given as a single dose with food, peak plasma levels in most subjects were achieved in about 12 hours (range: 4 to 24 hours). Residence time in the small intestine until disintegration was independent of food intake. The presence of food prolonged the time the tablets remained in the stomach, time to first detectable serum Naproxen levels, and time to maximal Naproxen levels (Tmax), but did not affect peak Naproxen levels (Cmax). DistributionNaproxen has a volume of distribution of 0.16 L/kg. At therapeutic levels Naproxen is greater than 99% albumin‑bound. At doses of Naproxen greater than 500 mg/day there is less than proportional increase in plasma levels due to an increase in clearance caused by saturation of plasma protein binding at higher doses (average trough Css 36.5, 49.2, and 56.4 mg/L with 500, 1000, and 1500 mg daily doses of Naproxen, respectively). The Naproxen anion has been found in the milk of lactating women at a concentration equivalent to approximately 1% of maximum Naproxen concentration in plasma (see PRECAUTIONS, Nursing Mothers). MetabolismNaproxen is extensively metabolized in the liver to 6‑O‑desmethyl Naproxen, and both parent and metabolites do not induce metabolizing enzymes. Both Naproxen and 6-O-desmethyl Naproxen are further metabolized to their respective acylglucuronide conjugated metabolites. ExcretionThe clearance of Naproxen is 0.13 mL/min/kg. Approximately 95% of the Naproxen from any dose is excreted in the urine, primarily as Naproxen (< 1%), 6‑O‑desmethyl Naproxen (< 1%), or their conjugates (66% to 92%). The plasma half‑life of the Naproxen anion in humans ranges from 12 to 17 hours. The corresponding half‑lives of both Naproxen"s metabolites and conjugates are shorter than 12 hours, and their rates of excretion have been found to coincide closely with the rate of Naproxen disappearance from the plasma. Small amounts, 3% or less of the administered dose, are excreted in the feces. In patients with renal failure metabolites may accumulate (see WARNINGS, Renal Effects). Special PopulationsPediatric patientsIn pediatric patients aged 5 to 16 years with arthritis, plasma Naproxen levels following a 5 mg/kg single dose of Naproxen suspension (see DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION) were found to be similar to those found in normal adults following a 500 mg dose. The terminal half-life appears to be similar in pediatric and adult patients. Pharmacokinetic studies of Naproxen were not performed in pediatric patients younger than 5 years of age. Pharmacokinetic parameters appear to be similar following administration of Naproxen suspension or tablets in pediatric patients. Naproxen delayed-release tablets have not been studied in subjects under the age of 18. Geriatric patientsStudies indicate that although total plasma concentration of Naproxen is unchanged, the unbound plasma fraction of Naproxen is increased in the elderly, although the unbound fraction is < 1% of the total Naproxen concentration. Unbound trough Naproxen concentrations in elderly subjects have been reported to range from 0.12% to 0.19% of total Naproxen concentration, compared with 0.05% to 0.075% in younger subjects. The clinical significance of this finding is unclear, although it is possible that the increase in free Naproxen concentration could be associated with an increase in the rate of adverse events per a given dosage in some elderly patients. RacePharmacokinetic differences due to race have not been studied. Hepatic insufficiencyNaproxen pharmacokinetics have not been determined in subjects with hepatic insufficiency. Renal insufficiencyNaproxen pharmacokinetics have not been determined in subjects with renal insufficiency. Given that Naproxen, its metabolites and conjugates are primarily excreted by the kidney, the potential exists for Naproxen metabolites to accumulate in the presence of renal insufficiency. Elimination of Naproxen is decreased in patients with severe renal impairment. Naproxen-containing products are not recommended for use in patients with moderate to severe and severe renal impairment (creatinine clearance < 30 mL/min) (see WARNINGS, Renal Effects). Clinical StudiesGeneral InformationNaproxen has been studied in patients with rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, juvenile arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, tendonitis and bursitis, and acute gout. Improvement in patients treated for rheumatoid arthritis was demonstrated by a reduction in joint swelling, a reduction in duration of morning stiffness, a reduction in disease activity as assessed by both the investigator and patient, and by increased mobility as demonstrated by a reduction in walking time. Generally, response to Naproxen has not been found to be dependent on age, sex, severity or duration of rheumatoid arthritis. In patients with osteoarthritis, the therapeutic action of Naproxen has been shown by a reduction in joint pain or tenderness, an increase in range of motion in knee joints, increased mobility as demonstrated by a reduction in walking time, and improvement in capacity to perform activities of daily living impaired by the disease. In a clinical trial comparing standard formulations of Naproxen 375 mg bid (750 mg a day) vs. 750 mg bid (1500 mg/day), 9 patients in the 750 mg group terminated prematurely because of adverse events. Nineteen patients in the 1500 mg group terminated prematurely because of adverse events. Most of these adverse events were gastrointestinal events. In clinical studies in patients with rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, and juvenile arthritis, Naproxen has been shown to be comparable to aspirin and indomethacin in controlling the aforementioned measures of disease activity, but the frequency and severity of the milder gastrointestinal adverse effects (nausea, dyspepsia, heartburn) and nervous system adverse effects (tinnitus, dizziness, lightheadedness) were less in Naproxen‑treated patients than in those treated with aspirin or indomethacin. In patients with ankylosing spondylitis, Naproxen has been shown to decrease night pain, morning stiffness, and pain at rest. In double‑blind studies the drug was shown to be as effective as aspirin, but with fewer side effects. In patients with acute gout, a favorable response to Naproxen was shown by significant clearing of inflammatory changes (e.g., decrease in swelling, heat) within 24 to 48 hours, as well as by relief of pain and tenderness. Naproxen has been studied in patients with mild to moderate pain secondary to postoperative, orthopedic, postpartum episiotomy and uterine contraction pain and dysmenorrhea. Onset of pain relief can begin within 1 hour in patients taking Naproxen and within 30 minutes in patients taking Naproxen sodium. Analgesic effect was shown by such measures as reduction of pain intensity scores, increase in pain relief scores, decrease in numbers of patients requiring additional analgesic medication, and delay in time to remedication. The analgesic effect has been found to last for up to 12 hours. Naproxen may be used safely in combination with gold salts and/or corticosteroids; however, in controlled clinical trials, when added to the regimen of patients receiving corticosteroids, it did not appear to cause greater improvement over that seen with corticosteroids alone. Whether Naproxen has a "steroid‑sparing" effect has not been adequately studied. When added to the regimen of patients receiving gold salts, Naproxen did result in greater improvement. Its use in combination with salicylates is not recommended because there is evidence that aspirin increases the rate of excretion of Naproxen and data are inadequate to demonstrate that Naproxen and aspirin produce greater improvement over that achieved with aspirin alone. In addition, as with other NSAIDs, the combination may result in higher frequency of adverse events than demonstrated for either product alone. In 51Cr blood loss and gastroscopy studies with normal volunteers, daily administration of 1000 mg of Naproxen has been demonstrated to cause statistically significantly less gastric bleeding and erosion than 3250 mg of aspirin. Three 6 week, double-blind, multicenter studies with Naproxen delayed-release tablets (375 or 500 mg bid, n = 385) and Naproxen immediate-release tablets (375 or 500 mg bid, n = 279) were conducted comparing Naproxen delayed-release tablets with Naproxen immediate-release tablets, including 355 rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis patients who had a recent history of NSAID-related GI symptoms. These studies indicated that Naproxen delayed-release tablets and Naproxen immediate-release tablets showed no significant differences in efficacy or safety and had similar prevalence of minor GI complaints. Individual patients, however, may find one formulation preferable to the other. Five hundred and fifty‑three patients received Naproxen delayed-release tablets during long‑term open-label trials (mean length of treatment was 159 days). The rates for clinically‑diagnosed peptic ulcers and GI bleeds were similar to what has been historically reported for long‑term NSAID use. Geriatric PatientsThe hepatic and renal tolerability of long-term Naproxen administration was studied in two double-blind clinical trials involving 586 patients. Of the patients studied, 98 patients were age 65 and older and 10 of the 98 patients were age 75 and older. Naproxen was administered at doses of 375 mg twice daily or 750 mg twice daily for up to 6 months. Transient abnormalities of laboratory tests assessing hepatic and renal function were noted in some patients, although there were no differences noted in the occurrence of abnormal values among different age groups. Indications and Usage for NaproxenCarefully consider the potential benefits and risks of Naproxen delayed-release tablets and other treatment options before deciding to use Naproxen delayed-release tablets. Use the lowest effective dose for the shortest duration consistent with individual patient treatment goals (see WARNINGS). Naproxen delayed-release tablets are indicated:
Naproxen as Naproxen suspension is recommended for juvenile rheumatoid arthritis in order to obtain the maximum dosage flexibility based on the patient’s weight. Naproxen delayed-release tablets are not recommended for initial treatment of acute pain because the absorption of Naproxen is delayed compared to absorption from other Naproxen-containing products (see CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY and DOSAGE ANDADMINISTRATION). ContraindicationsNaproxen delayed-release tablets are contraindicated in patients with known hypersensitivity to Naproxen. Naproxen delayed-release tablets should not be given to patients who have experienced asthma, urticaria, or allergic-type reactions after taking aspirin or other NSAIDs. Severe, rarely fatal, anaphylactic-like reactions to NSAIDs have been reported in such patients (see WARNINGS, Anaphylactoid Reactions and PRECAUTIONS, Preexisting Asthma). Naproxen delayed-release tablets are contraindicated for the treatment of peri-operative pain in the setting of coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery (see WARNINGS). WarningsCardiovascular EffectsCardiovascular Thrombotic EventsClinical trials of several COX-2 selective and nonselective NSAIDs of up to three years duration have shown an increased risk of serious cardiovascular (CV) thrombotic events, myocardial infarction, and stroke, which can be fatal. All NSAIDs, both COX-2 selective and nonselective, may have a similar risk. Patients with known CV disease or risk factors for CV disease may be at greater risk. To minimize the potential risk for an adverse CV event in patients treated with an NSAID, the lowest effective dose should be used for the shortest duration possible. Physicians and patients should remain alert for the development of such events, even in the absence of previous CV symptoms. Patients should be informed about the signs and/or symptoms of serious CV events and the steps to take if they occur. There is no consistent evidence that concurrent use of aspirin mitigates the increased risk of serious CV thrombotic events associated with NSAID use. The concurrent use of aspirin and an NSAID does increase the risk of serious GI events (see Gastrointestinal Effects – Risk of Ulceration, Bleeding, and Perforation). Two large, controlled clinical trials of a COX-2 selective NSAID for the treatment of pain in the first 10 to 14 days following CABG surgery found an increased incidence of myocardial infarction and stroke (see CONTRAINDICATIONS). HypertensionNSAIDs, including Naproxen delayed-release tablets, can lead to onset of new hypertension or worsening of preexisting hypertension, either of which may contribute to the increased incidence of CV events. Patients taking thiazides or loop diuretics may have impaired response to these therapies when taking NSAIDs. NSAIDs, including Naproxen delayed-release tablets, should be used with caution in patients with hypertension. Blood pressure (BP) should be monitored closely during the initiation of NSAID treatment and throughout the course of therapy. Congestive Heart Failure and EdemaFluid retention, edema, and peripheral edema have been observed in some patients taking NSAIDs. Naproxen delayed-release tablets should be used with caution in patients with fluid retention, hypertension, or heart failure. Gastrointestinal Effects - Risk of Ulceration, Bleeding, and PerforationNSAIDs, including Naproxen delayed-release tablets, can cause serious gastrointestinal (GI) adverse events including inflammation, bleeding, ulceration, and perforation of the stomach, small intestine, or large intestine, which can be fatal. These serious adverse events can occur at any time, with or without warning symptoms, in patients treated with NSAIDs. Only one in five patients, who develop a serious upper GI adverse event on NSAID therapy, is symptomatic. Upper GI ulcers, gross bleeding, or perforation caused by NSAIDs occur in approximately 1% of patients treated for 3 to 6 months, and in about 2 to 4% of patients treated for one year. These trends continue with longer duration of use, increasing the likelihood of developing a serious GI event at some time during the course of therapy. However, even short-term therapy is not without risk. The utility of periodic laboratory monitoring has not been demonstrated, nor has it been adequately assessed. Only 1 in 5 patients who develop a serious upper GI adverse event on NSAID therapy is symptomatic. NSAIDs should be prescribed with extreme caution in those with a prior history of ulcer disease or gastrointestinal bleeding. Patients with a prior history of peptic ulcer disease and/or gastrointestinal bleeding who use NSAIDs have a greater than 10 fold increased risk for developing a GI bleed compared to patients with neither of these risk factors. Other factors that increase the risk for GI bleeding in patients treated with NSAIDs include concomitant use of oral corticosteroids or anticoagulants, longer duration of NSAID therapy, smoking, use of alcohol, older age, and poor general health status. Most spontaneous reports of fatal GI events are in elderly or debilitated patients and therefore, special care should be taken in treating this population. To minimize the potential risk for an adverse GI event in patients treated with an NSAID, the lowest effective dose should be used for the shortest possible duration. Patients and physicians should remain alert for signs and symptoms of GI ulceration and bleeding during NSAID therapy and promptly initiate additional evaluation and treatment if a serious GI adverse event is suspected. This should include discontinuation of the NSAID until a serious GI adverse event is ruled out. For high risk patients, alternate therapies that do not involve NSAIDs should be considered. Renal EffectsLong-term administration of NSAIDs has resulted in renal papillary necrosis and other renal injury. Renal toxicity has also been seen in patients in whom renal prostaglandins have a compensatory role in the maintenance of renal perfusion. In these patients, administration of a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug may cause a dose-dependent reduction in prostaglandin formation and, secondarily, in renal blood flow, which may precipitate overt renal decompensation. Patients at greatest risk of this reaction are those with impaired renal function, hypovolemia, heart failure, liver dysfunction, salt depletion, those taking diuretics and ACE-inhibitors, and the elderly. Discontinuation of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug therapy is usually followed by recovery to the pretreatment state (see WARNINGS, Advanced Renal Disease). Advanced Renal DiseaseNo information is available from controlled clinical studies regarding the use of Naproxen delayed-release tablets in patients with advanced renal disease. Therefore, treatment with Naproxen delayed-release tablets is not recommended in these patients with advanced renal disease. If Naproxen delayed-release tablet therapy must be initiated, close monitoring of the patient"s renal function is advisable. Anaphylactoid ReactionsAs with other NSAIDs, anaphylactoid reactions may occur in patients without known prior exposure to Naproxen delayed-release tablets. Naproxen delayed-release tablets should not be given to patients with the aspirin triad. This symptom complex typically occurs in asthmatic patients who experience rhinitis with or without nasal polyps, or who exhibit severe, potentially fatal bronchospasm after taking aspirin or other NSAIDs (see CONTRAINDICATIONS and PRECAUTIONS, Preexisting Asthma). Emergency help should be sought in cases where an anaphylactoid reaction occurs. Skin ReactionsNSAIDs, including Naproxen delayed-release tablets, can cause serious skin adverse events such as exfoliative dermatitis, Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS), and toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN), which can be fatal. These serious events may occur without warning. Patients should be informed about the signs and symptoms of serious skin manifestations and use of the drug should be discontinued at the first appearance of skin rash or any other sign of hypersensitivity. PregnancyIn late pregnancy, as with other NSAIDs, Naproxen delayed-release tablets should be avoided because it may cause premature closure of the ductus arteriosus. PrecautionsGeneralNaproxen-containing products such as Naproxen tablets, Naproxen delayed-release tablets, Naproxen sodium tablets, Naproxen suspension, and other Naproxen products should not be used concomitantly since they all circulate in the plasma as the Naproxen anion. Naproxen delayed-release tablets cannot be expected to substitute for corticosteroids or to treat corticosteroid insufficiency. Abrupt discontinuation of corticosteroids may lead to disease exacerbation. Patients on prolonged corticosteroid therapy should have their therapy tapered slowly if a decision is made to discontinue corticosteroids and the patient should be observed closely for any evidence of adverse effects, including adrenal insufficiency and exacerbation of symptoms of arthritis. Patients with initial hemoglobin values of 10 g or less who are to receive long-term therapy should have hemoglobin values determined periodically. The pharmacological activity of Naproxen delayed-release tablets in reducing fever and inflammation may diminish the utility of these diagnostic signs in detecting complications of presumed noninfectious, noninflammatory painful conditions. Because of adverse eye findings in animal studies with drugs of this class, it is recommended that ophthalmic studies be carried out if any change or disturbance in vision occurs. Hepatic EffectsBorderline elevations of one or more liver tests may occur in up to 15% of patients taking NSAIDs including Naproxen delayed-release tablets. Hepatic abnormalities may be the result of hypersensitivity rather than direct toxicity. These laboratory abnormalities may progress, may remain essentially unchanged, or may be transient with continued therapy. The SGPT (ALT) test is probably the most sensitive indicator of liver dysfunction. Notable elevations of ALT or AST (approximately three or more times the upper limit of normal) have been reported in approximately 1% of patients in clinical trials with NSAIDs. In addition, rare cases of severe hepatic reactions, including jaundice and fatal fulminant hepatitis, liver necrosis and hepatic failure, some of them with fatal outcomes have been reported. A patient with symptoms and/or signs suggesting liver dysfunction, or in whom an abnormal liver test has occurred, should be evaluated for evidence of the development of a more severe hepatic reaction while on therapy with Naproxen delayed-release tablets. If clinical signs and symptoms consistent with liver disease develop, or if systemic manifestations occur (e.g., eosinophilia, rash, etc.), Naproxen delayed-release tablets should be discontinued. Chronic alcoholic liver disease and probably other diseases with decreased or abnormal plasma proteins (albumin) reduce the total plasma concentration of Naproxen, but the plasma concentration of unbound Naproxen is increased. Caution is advised when high doses are required and some adjustment of dosage may be required in these patients. It is prudent to use the lowest effective dose. Hematological EffectsAnemia is sometimes seen in patients receiving NSAIDs, including Naproxen delayed-release tablets. This may be due to fluid retention, occult or gross GI blood loss, or an incompletely described effect upon erythropoiesis. Patients on long-term treatment with NSAIDs, including Naproxen delayed-release tablets, should have their hemoglobin or hematocrit checked if they exhibit any signs or symptoms of anemia. NSAIDs inhibit platelet aggregation and have been shown to prolong bleeding time in some patients. Unlike aspirin, their effect on platelet function is quantitatively less, of shorter duration, and reversible. Patients receiving Naproxen delayed-release tablets who may be adversely affected by alterations in platelet function, such as those with coagulation disorders or patients receiving anticoagulants, should be carefully monitored. Preexisting AsthmaPatients with asthma may have aspirin-sensitive asthma. The use of aspirin in patients with aspirin-sensitive asthma has been associated with severe bronchospasm, which can be fatal. Since cross reactivity, including bronchospasm, between aspirin and other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs has been reported in such aspirin-sensitive patients, Naproxen delayed-release tablets should not be administered to patients with this form of aspirin sensitivity and should be used with caution in patients with preexisting asthma. Information for PatientsPatients should be informed of the following information before initiating therapy with an NSAID and periodically during the course of ongoing therapy. Patients should also be encouraged to read the NSAID Medication Guide that accompanies each prescription dispensed.
Laboratory TestsBecause serious GI tract ulcerations and bleeding can occur without warning symptoms, physicians should monitor for signs or symptoms of GI bleeding. Patients on long-term treatment with NSAIDs should have their CBC and a chemistry profile checked periodically. If clinical signs and symptoms consistent with liver or renal disease develop, systemic manifestations occur (e.g., eosinophilia, rash, etc.) or if abnormal liver tests persist or worsen, Naproxen delayed-release tablets should be discontinued. Drug InteractionsACE-inhibitorsReports suggest that NSAIDs may diminish the antihypertensive effect of ACE-inhibitors. This interaction should be given consideration in patients taking NSAIDs concomitantly with ACE-inhibitors. Antacids and SucralfateConcomitant administration of some antacids (magnesium oxide or aluminum hydroxide) and sucralfate can delay the absorption of Naproxen. AspirinWhen Naproxen delayed-release tablets are administered with aspirin, its protein binding is reduced, although the clearance of free Naproxen is not altered. The clinical significance of this interaction is not known; however, as with other NSAIDs, concomitant administration of Naproxen delayed-release tablets and aspirin is not generally recommended because of the potential of increased adverse effects. CholestyramineAs with other NSAIDs, concomitant administration of cholestyramine can delay the absorption of Naproxen. DiureticsClinical studies, as well as postmarketing observations, have shown that Naproxen delayed-release tablets can reduce the natriuretic effect of furosemide and thiazides in some patients. This response has been attributed to inhibition of renal prostaglandin synthesis. During concomitant therapy with NSAIDs, the patient should be observed closely for signs of renal failure (see WARNINGS, Renal Effects), as well as to assure diuretic efficacy. LithiumNSAIDs have produced an elevation of plasma lithium levels and a reduction in renal lithium clearance. The mean minimum lithium concentration increased 15% and the renal clearance was decreased by approximately 20%. These effects have been attributed to inhibition of renal prostaglandin synthesis by the NSAID. Thus, when NSAIDs and lithium are administered concurrently, subjects should be observed carefully for signs of lithium toxicity. MethotrexateNSAIDs have been reported to competitively inhibit methotrexate accumulation in rabbit kidney slices. Naproxen, Naproxen sodium, and other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs have been reported to reduce the tubular secretion of methotrexate in an animal model. This may indicate that they could enhance the toxicity of methotrexate. Caution should be used when NSAIDs are administered concomitantly with methotrexate. WarfarinThe effects of warfarin and NSAIDs on GI bleeding are synergistic, such that users of both drugs together have a risk of serious GI bleeding higher than users of either drug alone. No significant interactions have been observed in clinical studies with Naproxen and coumarin-type anticoagulants. However, caution is advised since interactions have been seen with other non-steroidal agents of this class. The free fraction of warfarin may increase substantially in some subjects and Naproxen interferes with platelet function. Other Information Concerning Drug InteractionsNaproxen is highly bound to plasma albumin; it thus has a theoretical potential for interaction with other albumin-bound drugs such as coumarin-type anticoagulants, sulphonylureas, hydantoins, other NSAIDs, and aspirin. Patients simultaneously receiving Naproxen and a hydantoin, sulphonamide, or sulphonylurea should be observed for adjustment of dose if required. Naproxen and other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs can reduce the antihypertensive effect of propranolol and other beta-blockers. Probenecid given concurrently increases Naproxen anion plasma levels and extends its plasma half-life significantly. Due to the gastric pH elevating effects of H2-blockers, sucralfate and intensive antacid therapy, concomitant administration of Naproxen delayed-release tablets is not recommended Drug/Laboratory Test InteractionsNaproxen may decrease platelet aggregation and prolong bleeding time. This effect should be kept in mind when bleeding times are determined. The administration of Naproxen may result in increased urinary values for 17‑ketogenic steroids because of an interaction between the drug and/or its metabolites with m‑di‑nitrobenzene used in this assay. Although 17‑hydroxy‑corticosteroid measurements (Porter‑Silber test) do not appear to be artifactually altered, it is suggested that therapy with Naproxen be temporarily discontinued 72 hours before adrenal function tests are performed if the Porter‑Silber test is to be used. Naproxen may interfere with some urinary assays of 5‑hydroxy indoleacetic acid (5HIAA). CarcinogenesisA 2 year study was performed in rats to evaluate the carcinogenic potential of Naproxen at rat doses of 8, 16, and 24 mg/kg/day (50, 100, and 150 mg/m2). The maximum dose used was 0.28 times the systemic exposure to humans at the recommended dose. No evidence of tumorigenicity was found. PregnancyTeratogenic EffectsPregnancy category CReproduction studies have been performed in rats at 20 mg/kg/day (125 mg/m2/day, 0.23 times the human systemic exposure), rabbits at 20 mg/kg/day (220 mg/m2/day, 0.27 times the human systemic exposure), and mice at 170 mg/kg/day (510 mg/m2/day, 0.28 times the human systemic exposure) with no evidence of impaired fertility or harm to the fetus due to the drug. However, animal reproduction studies are not always predictive of human response. There are no adequate and well-controlled studies in pregnant women. Naproxen delayed-release tablets should be used in pregnancy only if the potential benefit justifies the potential risk to the fetus. Nonteratogenic EffectsThere is some evidence to suggest that when inhibitors of prostaglandin synthesis are used to delay preterm labor there is an increased risk of neonatal complications such as necrotizing enterocolitis, patent ductus arteriosus and intracranial hemorrhage. Naproxen treatment given in late pregnancy to delay parturition has been associated with persistent pulmonary hypertension, renal dysfunction and abnormal prostaglandin E levels in preterm infants. Because of the known effects of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs on the fetal cardiovascular system (closure of ductus arteriosus), use during pregnancy (particularly late pregnancy) should be avoided. Labor and DeliveryIn rat studies with NSAIDs, as with other drugs known to inhibit prostaglandin synthesis, an increased incidence of dystocia, delayed parturition, and decreased pup survival occurred. Naproxen-containing products are not recommended in labor and delivery because, through its prostaglandin synthesis inhibitory effect, Naproxen may adversely affect fetal circulation and inhibit uterine contractions, thus increasing the risk of uterine hemorrhage. The effects of Naproxen delayed-release tablets on labor and delivery in pregnant women are unknown. Nursing MothersThe Naproxen anion has been found in the milk of lactating women at a concentration equivalent to approximately 1% of maximum Naproxen concentration in plasma. Because of the possible adverse effects of prostaglandin-inhibiting drugs on neonates, use in nursing mothers should be avoided. Pediatric UseSafety and effectiveness in pediatric patients below the age of 2 years have not been established. Pediatric dosing recommendations for juvenile arthritis are based on well-controlled studies (see DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION). There are no adequate effectiveness or dose-response data for other pediatric conditions, but the experience in juvenile arthritis and other use experience have established that single doses of 2.5 to 5 mg/kg (as Naproxen suspension, see DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION), with total daily dose not exceeding 15 mg/kg/day, are well tolerated in pediatric patients over 2 years of age. Geriatric UseStudies indicate that although total plasma concentration of Naproxen is unchanged, the unbound plasma fraction of Naproxen is increased in the elderly. Caution is advised when high doses are required and some adjustment of dosage may be required in elderly patients. As with other drugs used in the elderly, it is prudent to use the lowest effective dose. Experience indicates that geriatric patients may be particularly sensitive to certain adverse effects of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Elderly or debilitated patients seem to tolerate peptic ulceration or bleeding less well when these events do occur. Most spontaneous reports of fatal GI events are in the geriatric population (see WARNINGS). Naproxen is known to be substantially excreted by the kidney, and the risk of toxic reactions to this drug may be greater in patients with impaired renal function. Because elderly patients are more likely to have decreased renal function, care should be taken in dose selection, and it may be useful to monitor renal function. Geriatric patients may be at a greater risk for the development of a form of renal toxicity precipitated by reduced prostaglandin formation during administration of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (see WARNINGS, Renal Effects). Adverse ReactionsAdverse reactions reported in controlled clinical trials in 960 patients treated for rheumatoid arthritis or osteoarthritis are listed below. In general, reactions in patients treated chronically were reported 2 to 10 times more frequently than they were in short‑term studies in the 962 patients treated for mild to moderate pain or for dysmenorrhea. The most frequent complaints reported related to the gastrointestinal tract. A clinical study found gastrointestinal reactions to be more frequent and more severe in rheumatoid arthritis patients taking daily doses of 1500 mg Naproxen compared to those taking 750 mg Naproxen (see CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY). In controlled clinical trials with about 80 pediatric patients and in well‑monitored, open‑label studies with about 400 pediatric patients with juvenile arthritis treated with Naproxen, the incidence of rash and prolonged bleeding times were increased, the incidence of gastrointestinal and central nervous system reactions were about the same, and the incidence of other reactions were lower in pediatric patients than in adults. In patients taking Naproxen in clinical trials, the most frequently reported adverse experiences in approximately 1% to 10% of patients are: Gastrointestinal (GI) Experiences, including: heartburn*2, abdominal pain*2, nausea*2, constipation*2, diarrhea, dyspepsia, stomatitis Central Nervous System: headache*2, dizziness*2, drowsiness*2, lightheadedness, vertigo Dermatologic: pruritus (itching)*2, skin eruptions*2, ecchymoses*2, sweating, purpura Special Senses: tinnitus*2, visual disturbances, hearing disturbances Cardiovascular: edema*2, palpitations General: dyspnea*2, thirst In patients taking NSAIDs, the following adverse experiences have also been reported in approximately 1% to 10% of patients. Gastrointestinal (GI) Experiences, including: flatulence, gross bleeding/perforation, GI ulcers (gastric/duodenal), vomiting General: abnormal renal function, anemia, elevated liver enzymes, increased bleeding time, rashes The following are additional adverse experiences reported in < 1% of patients taking Naproxen during clinical trials and through postmarketing reports. Those adverse reactions observed through postmarketing reports are italicized. Body as a Whole: anaphylactoid reactions, angioneurotic edema, menstrual disorders, pyrexia (chills and fever) Cardiovascular: congestive heart failure, vasculitis, hypertension, pulmonary edema Gastrointestinal: gastrointestinal bleeding and/or perforation, hematemesis, pancreatitis, vomiting, colitis, nonpeptic gastrointestinal ulceration, ulcerative stomatitis, esophagitis, peptic ulceration Hepatobiliary: jaundice, abnormal liver function tests, hepatitis (some cases have been fatal) Hemic and Lymphatic: eosinophilia, leucopenia, melena, thrombocytopenia, agranulocytosis, granulocytopenia, hemolytic anemia, aplastic anemia Metabolic and Nutritional: hyperglycemia, hypoglycemia Nervous System: inability to concentrate, depression, dream abnormalities, insomnia, malaise, myalgia, muscle weakness, aseptic meningitis, cognitive dysfunction, convulsions Respiratory: eosinophilic pneumonitis, asthma Dermatologic: alopecia, urticaria, skin rashes, toxic epidermal necrolysis, erythema multiforme, erythema nodosum, fixed drug eruption, lichen planus, pustular reaction, systemic lupus erythematosus, Stevens-Johnson syndrome, photosensitive dermatitis, photosensitivity reactions, including rare cases resembling porphyria cutanea tarda (pseudoporphyria) or epidermolysis bullosa. If skin fragility, blistering or other symptoms suggestive of pseudoporphyria occur, treatment should be discontinued and the patient monitored. Special Senses: hearing impairment, corneal opacity, papillitis, retrobulbar optic neuritis, papilledema Urogenital: glomerular nephritis, hematuria, hyperkalemia, interstitial nephritis, nephrotic syndrome, renal disease, renal failure, renal papillary necrosis, raised serum creatinine Reproduction (female): infertility In patients taking NSAIDs, the following adverse experiences have also been reported in < 1% of patients. Body as a Whole: fever, infection, sepsis, anaphylactic reactions, appetite changes, death Cardiovascular: hypertension, tachycardia, syncope, arrhythmia, hypotension, myocardial infarction Gastrointestinal: dry mouth, esophagitis, gastric/peptic ulcers, gastritis, glossitis, eructation Hepatobiliary: hepatitis, liver failure Hemic and Lymphatic: rectal bleeding, lymphadenopathy, pancytopenia Metabolic and Nutritional: weight changes Nervous System: anxiety, asthenia, confusion, nervousness, paresthesia, somnolence, tremors, convulsions, coma, hallucinations Respiratory: asthma, respiratory depression, pneumonia Dermatologic: exfoliative dermatitis Special Senses: blurred vision, conjunctivitis Urogenital: cystitis, dysuria, oliguria/polyuria, proteinuria
OverdosageSignificant Naproxen overdosage may be characterized by lethargy, dizziness, drowsiness, epigastric pain, abdominal discomfort, heartburn, indigestion, nausea, transient alterations in liver function, hypoprothrombinemia, renal dysfunction, metabolic acidosis, apnea, disorientation or vomiting. Gastrointestinal bleeding can occur. Hypertension, acute renal failure, respiratory depression, and coma may occur, but are rare. Anaphylactoid reactions have been reported with therapeutic ingestion of NSAIDs, and may occur following an overdose. A few patients have experienced convulsions, but it is not clear whether or not these were drug-related. It is not known what dose of the drug would be life threatening. The oral LD50 of the drug is 543 mg/kg in rats, 1234 mg/kg in mice, 4110 mg/kg in hamsters, and greater than 1000 mg/kg in dogs. Patients should be managed by symptomatic and supportive care following a NSAID overdose. There are no specific antidotes. Hemodialysis does not decrease the plasma concentration of Naproxen because of the high degree of its protein binding. Emesis and/or activated charcoal (60 to 100 g in adults, 1 to 2 g/kg in children) and/or osmotic cathartic may be indicated in patients seen within 4 hours of ingestion with symptoms or following a large overdose. Forced diuresis, alkalinization of urine or hemoperfusion may not be useful due to high protein binding. Naproxen Dosage and AdministrationCarefully consider the potential benefits and risks of Naproxen delayed-release tablets and other treatment options before deciding to use Naproxen delayed-release tablets. Use the lowest effective dose for the shortest duration consistent with individual patient treatment goals (see WARNINGS). After observing the response to initial therapy with Naproxen delayed-release tablets, the dose and frequency should be adjusted to suit an individual patient"s needs. Different dose strengths and formulations (i.e., tablets, suspension) of the drug are not necessarily bioequivalent. This difference should be taken into consideration when changing formulation. Although Naproxen tablets, Naproxen delayed-release tablets, Naproxen suspension, and Naproxen sodium tablets all circulate in the plasma as Naproxen, they have pharmacokinetic differences that may affect onset of action. Onset of pain relief can begin within 30 minutes in patients taking Naproxen sodium and within 1 hour in patients taking Naproxen. Because Naproxen delayed-release tablets dissolve in the small intestine rather than in the stomach, the absorption of the drug is delayed compared to the other Naproxen formulations (see CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY). The recommended strategy for initiating therapy is to choose a formulation and a starting dose likely to be effective for the patient and then adjust the dosage based on observation of benefit and/or adverse events. A lower dose should be considered in patients with renal or hepatic impairment or in elderly patients (see WARNINGS and PRECAUTIONS). Geriatric PatientsStudies indicate that although total plasma concentration of Naproxen is unchanged, the unbound plasma fraction of Naproxen is increased in the elderly. Caution is advised when high doses are required and some adjustment of dosage may be required in elderly patients. As with other drugs used in the elderly, it is prudent to use the lowest effective dose. Patients with Moderate to Severe Renal ImpairmentNaproxen-containing products are not recommended for use in patients with moderate to severe and severe renal impairment (creatinine clearance < 30 mL/min) (see WARNINGS, Renal Effects). Rheumatoid Arthritis, Osteoarthritis and Ankylosing Spondylitis
To maintain the integrity of the enteric coating, the Naproxen delayed-release tablets should not be broken, crushed, or chewed during ingestion. During long-term administration, the dose of Naproxen may be adjusted up or down depending on the clinical response of the patient. A lower daily dose may suffice for long-term administration. The morning and evening doses do not have to be equal in size and the administration of the drug more frequently than twice daily is not necessary. In patients who tolerate lower doses well, the dose may be increased to Naproxen 1500 mg/day for limited periods of up to 6 months when a higher level of anti-inflammatory/analgesic activity is required. When treating such patients with Naproxen 1500 mg/day, the physician should observe sufficient increased clinical benefits to offset the potential increased risk. The morning and evening doses do not have to be equal in size and administration of the drug more frequently than twice daily does not generally make a difference in response (see CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY). Juvenile ArthritisThe recommended total daily dose of Naproxen is approximately 10 mg/kg given in 2 divided doses (i.e., 5 mg/kg given twice a day). Naproxen delayed-release tablets are not well suited to this dosage so use of Naproxen oral suspension is recommended for this indication. How is Naproxen SuppliedNaproxen delayed-release tablets, 375 mg are white to off-white, capsule-shaped, enteric-coated, unscored tablets imprinted on one side in blue ink with “93-5”. They are available in bottles of 100 and 500. Naproxen delayed-release tablets, 500 mg are white to off-white, capsule-shaped, enteric-coated, unscored tablets imprinted on one side in blue ink with “93-6”. They are available in bottles of 100 and 500. Store at 20° to 25°C (68° to 77°F) [See USP Controlled Room Temperature]. Dispense in a tight, light-resistant container as defined in the USP, with a child-resistant closure (as required). Medication Guide for Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs)(See the end of this Medication Guide for a list of prescription NSAID medicines.) What is the most important information I should know about medicines called Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs)? NSAID medicines may increase the chance of a heart attack or stroke that can lead to death. This chance increases:
NSAID medicines should never be used right before or after a heart surgery called a “coronary artery bypass graft (CABG).” NSAID medicines can cause ulcers and bleeding in the stomach and intestines at any time during treatment. Ulcers and bleeding:
The chance of a person getting an ulcer or bleeding increases with:
NSAID medicines should only be used:
What are Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs)? NSAID medicines are used to treat pain and redness, swelling, and heat (inflammation) from medical conditions such as:
Who should not take a Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drug (NSAID)? Do not take an NSAID medicine:
Tell your healthcare provider:
What are the possible side effects of Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs)? Serious Side effects include:
Other side effects include:
Get emergency help right away if you have any of the following symptoms:
Stop your NSAID medicine and call your healthcare provider right away if you have any of the following symptoms:
These are not all the side effects with NSAID medicines. Talk to your healthcare provider or pharmacist for more information about NSAID medicines. Other information about Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs)
NSAID medicines that need a prescription
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