Chlordiazepoxide

Generic Name: Chlordiazepoxide hydrochloride
Dosage Form: Capsules usp civ

Chlordiazepoxide Description

Chlordiazepoxide hydrochloride is the prototype for the benzodiazepine compounds.

Chlordiazepoxide hydrochloride is 7-chloro-2-(methylamino)-5-phenyl-3 H-1,4-benzodiazepine 4-oxide hydrochloride. A white to practically white crystalline substance, it is soluble in water. It is unstable in solution and the powder must be protected from light. The molecular weight is 336.22. The structural formula of Chlordiazepoxide hydrochloride is as follows:

Each capsule, for oral administration, contains 5 mg, 10 mg or 25 mg of Chlordiazepoxide hydrochloride. In addition, each capsule contains the following inactive ingredients: D&C red #28 (10 mg only), D&C yellow #10, FD&C blue #1, FD&C red #40 (10 mg only), FD&C yellow #6 (10 mg only), gelatin, hydrogenated vegetable oil, lactose anhydrous, methylparaben, microcrystalline cellulose, propylparaben, silicon dioxide, sodium lauryl sulfate and titanium dioxide.

ACTIONS

Chlordiazepoxide HCI has antianxiety, sedative, appetite-stimulating and weak analgesic actions. The precise mechanism of action is not known. The drug blocks EEG arousal from stimulation of the brain stem reticular formation. It takes several hours for peak blood levels to be reached and the half-life of the drug is between 24 and 48 hours. After the drug is discontinued plasma levels decline slowly over a period of several days. Chlordiazepoxide is excreted in the urine, with 1 to 2% unchanged and 3 to 6% as a conjugate.

Animal Pharmacology: The drug has been studied extensively in many species of animals and these studies are suggestive of action on the limbic system of the brain, which recent evidence indicates is involved in emotional responses.

Hostile monkeys were made tame by oral drug doses which did not cause sedation. Chlordiazepoxide revealed a "taming" action with the elimination of fear and aggression. The taming effect of Chlordiazepoxide was further demonstrated in rats made vicious by lesions in the septal area of the brain. The drug dosage which effectively blocked the vicious reaction was well below the dose which caused sedation in these animals.

The LD50 of parenterally administered Chlordiazepoxide HCl was determined in mice (72 hours) and rats (5 days), and calculated according to the method of Miller and Tainter, with the following results: mice, I.V., 123 ±12 mg/kg; mice, I.M., 366 ±7 mg/kg; rats, I.V., 120 ± 7 mg/kg; rats, l.M., > 160 mg/kg.

Effects On Reproduction: Reproduction studies in rats fed 10, 20, and 80 mg/kg daily and bred through one or two matings showed no congenital anomalies, nor were there adverse effects on lactation of the dams or growth of the newborn. However, in another study at 100 mg/kg daily there was noted a significant decrease in the fertilization rate and a marked decrease in the viability and body weight of offspring which may be attributable to sedation activity, thus resulting in lack of interest in mating and lessened maternal nursing and care of the young. One neonate in each of the first and second matings in the rat reproduction study at the 100 mg/kg dose exhibited major skeletal defects. Further studies are in progress to determine the significance of these findings.

Indications and Usage for Chlordiazepoxide

Chlordiazepoxide HCI Capsules are indicated for the management of anxiety disorders or for the short-term relief of symptoms of anxiety, withdrawal symptoms of acute alcoholism, and preoperative apprehension and anxiety. Anxiety or tension associated with the stress of everyday life usually does not require treatment with an anxiolytic.

The effectiveness of Chlordiazepoxide in long-term use, that is, more than 4 months, has not been assessed by systematic clinical studies. The physician should periodically reassess the usefulness of the drug for the individual patient.

Contraindications

Chlordiazepoxide HCI Capsules are contraindicated in patients with known hypersensitivity to the drug.

Warnings

Chlordiazepoxide may impair the mental and/or physical abilities required for the performance of potentially hazardous tasks such as driving a vehicle or operating machinery. Similarly, it may impair mental alertness in children. The concomitant use of alcohol or other central nervous system depressants may have an additive effect. PATIENTS SHOULD BE WARNED ACCORDINGLY.

Usage In Pregnancy: An increased risk of congenital malformations associated with the use of minor tranquilizers (Chlordiazepoxide, diazepam and meprobamate) during the first trimester of pregnancy has been suggested in several studies. Because use of these drugs is rarely a matter of urgency, their use during this period should almost always be avoided. The possibility that a woman of childbearing potential may be pregnant at the time of institution of therapy should be considered. Patients should be advised that if they become pregnant during therapy or intend to become pregnant they should communicate with their physicians about the desirability of discontinuing the drug.

Withdrawal symptoms of the barbiturate type have occurred after the discontinuation of benzodiazepines. (See DRUG ABUSE AND DEPENDENCE section.)

Precautions

In elderly or debilitated patients, it is recommended that the dosage be limited to the smallest effective amount to preclude the development of ataxia or oversedation (10 mg or less per day initially, to be increased gradually as needed and tolerated). In general, the concomitant administration of Chlordiazepoxide HCI and other psychotropic agents is not recommended. If such combination therapy seems indicated, careful consideration should be given to pharmacology of the agents to be employed - particularly when the known potentiating compounds such as the MAO inhibitors and phenothiazines are to be used. The usual precautions in treating patients with impaired renal or hepatic function should be observed.

Paradoxical reactions, e.g., excitement, stimulation and acute rage, have been reported in psychiatric patients and in hyperactive aggressive children, and should be watched for during Chlordiazepoxide therapy. The usual precautions are indicated when Chlordiazepoxide HCI capsules are used in the treatment of anxiety states where there is any evidence of impending depression; it should be borne in mind that suicidal tendencies may be present and protective measures may be necessary. Although clinical studies have not established a cause and effect relationship, physicians should be aware that variable effects on blood coagulation have been reported very rarely in patients receiving oral anticoagulants and Chlordiazepoxide. In view of isolated reports associating Chlordiazepoxide with exacerbation of porphyria, caution should be exercised in prescribing Chlordiazepoxide to patients suffering from this disease.

Information for patients

To assure the safe and effective use of benzodiazepines, patients should be informed that, since benzodiazepines may produce psychological and physical dependence, it is advisable that they consult with their physician before either increasing the dose or abruptly discontinuing the drug.

Adverse Reactions

The necessity of discontinuing therapy because of undesirable effects has been rare. Drowsiness, ataxia and confusion have been reported in some patients - particularly the elderly and debilitated. While these effects can be avoided in almost all instances by proper dosage adjustment, they have occasionally been observed at the lower dosage ranges. In few instances syncope has been reported.

Other adverse reactions reported during therapy include isolated instances of skin eruptions, edema, minor menstrual irregularities, nausea and constipation, extrapyramidal symptoms, as well as increased and decreased libido. Such side effects have been infrequent and are generally controlled with reduction of dosage. Changes in EEG patterns (low-voltage fast activity) have been observed in patients during and after Chlordiazepoxide treatment.

Blood dyscrasias (including agranulocytosis), jaundice and hepatic dysfunction have occasionally been reported during therapy. When Chlordiazepoxide treatment is protracted, periodic blood counts and liver function tests are advisable.

Drug Abuse and Dependence

Chlordiazepoxide HCI Capsules are classified by the Drug Enforcement Administration as a Schedule IV controlled substance.

Withdrawal symptoms, similar in character to those noted with barbiturates and alcohol (convulsions, tremor, abdominal and muscle cramps, vomiting and sweating), have occurred following abrupt discontinuance of Chlordiazepoxide. The more severe withdrawal symptoms have usually been limited to those patients who had received excessive doses over an extended period of time. Generally milder withdrawal symptoms (e.g., dysphoria and insomnia) have been reported following abrupt discontinuance of benzodiazepines taken continuously at therapeutic levels for several months. Consequently, after extended therapy, abrupt discontinuation should generally be avoided and a gradual dosage tapering schedule followed. Addiction-prone individuals (such as drug addicts or alcoholics) should be under careful surveillance when receiving Chlordiazepoxide or other psychotropic agents because of the predisposition of such patients to habituation and dependence.

Chlordiazepoxide Dosage and Administration

Because of the wide range of clinical indications for Chlordiazepoxide, the optimum dosage varies with the diagnosis and response of the individual patient. The dosage, therefore, should be individualized for maximum beneficial effects.

ADULTS	Usual Daily Dose
Relief of mild and moderate anxiety disorders and symptoms of anxiety	5 mg or 10 mg, 3 or 4 times daily
Relief of severe anxiety disorders and symptoms of anxiety	20 mg or 25 mg, 3 or 4 times daily
Geriatric patients, or in the presence of debilitating disease	5 mg, 2 or 4 times daily

Preoperative apprehension and anxiety: On days preceding surgery, 5 to 10 mg orally, 3 or 4 times daily. If used as preoperative medication, 50 to 100 mg IM* one hour prior to surgery.

CHILDREN	Usual Daily Dose
Because of the varied response of children to CNS-acting drugs, therapy should be initiated with the lowest dose and increased as required. Since clinical experience in children under 6 years of age is limited, the use of the drug in this age group is not recommended.	5 mg, 2 or 4 times daily (may be increased in some children to 10 mg, 2 or 3 times daily)

For the relief of withdrawal symptoms of acute alcoholism, the parenteral form* is usually used initially. If the drug is administered orally, the suggested initial oral dose is 50 to 100 mg, to be followed by repeated doses as needed until agitation is controlled - up to 300 mg per day. Dosage should then be reduced to maintenance levels.

*See package insert for Sterile Chlordiazepoxide Hydrochloride.

Management of Overdosage: Manifestations of Chlordiazepoxide overdosage includes somnolence, confusion, coma and diminished reflexes. Respiration, pulse and blood pressure should be monitored, as in all cases of drug overdosage, although, in general, these effects have been minimal following Chlordiazepoxide overdosage. General supportive measures should be employed, along with immediate gastric lavage. Intravenous fluids should be administered and an adequate airway maintained. Hypotension may be combated by the use of norepinephrine or metaraminol. Dialysis is of limited value. There have been occasional reports of excitation in patients following Chlordiazepoxide overdosage; if this occurs barbiturates should not be used. As with the management of intentional overdosage with any drug, it should be borne in mind that multiple agents may have been ingested.

Flumazenil, a specific benzodiazepine receptor antagonist, is indicated for the complete or partial reversal of the sedative effects of benzodiazepines and may be used in situations when an overdose with a benzodiazepine is known or suspected. Prior to the administration of flumazenil, necessary measures should be instituted to secure airway, ventilation, and intravenous access. Flumazenil is intended as an adjunct to, not as a substitute for, proper management of benzodiazepine overdose. Patients treated with flumazenil should be monitored for re-sedation, respiratory depression, and other residual benzodiazepine effects for an appropriate period after treatment. The prescriber should be aware of a risk of seizure in association with flumazenil treatment, particularly in long-term benzodiazepine users and in cyclic antidepressant overdose. The complete flumazenil package insert including CONTRAINDICATIONS, WARNINGS, and PRECAUTIONS should be consulted prior to use.

How is Chlordiazepoxide Supplied

Chlordiazepoxide Hydrochloride Capsules USP are supplied as follows:

5 mg: Green opaque/yellow opaque capsules, imprinted WATSON and 785 on cap and 5 mg on body, in bottles of 100 and 500.

10 mg: Black opaque/green opaque capsules, imprinted WATSON and 786 on cap and 10 mg on body, in bottles of 100 and 500.

25 mg: Green opaque/white opaque capsules, imprinted WATSON and 787 on cap and 25 mg on body, in bottles of 100 and 500.

Store at controlled room temperature 15°-30°C (59°-86°F).

Dispense in a tight, light-resistant container as defined in USP/NF.

Manufactured for:

Watson Laboratories, Inc.

Corona, CA 92880 USA

Manufactured by:

Patheon Pharmaceuticals Inc.

Cincinnati, OH 45215 USA

Rev. 10/03

70010564

Chlordiazepoxide HCl (Chlordiazepoxide Hydrochloride)

PRODUCT INFO Product Code 0591-0785 Dosage Form CAPSULE Route Of Administration ORAL DEA Schedule CII

INGREDIENTS Name (Active Moiety) Type Strength Chlordiazepoxide Hydrochloride (Chlordiazepoxide) Active 5 MILLIGRAM  In 1 CAPSULE Lactose Anhydrous Inactive   Microcrystalline Cellulose Inactive   Hydrogenated Vegtable Oil Inactive   Gelatin Inactive   Methylparaben Inactive   Propylparaben Inactive   Silicon dioxide Inactive   Sodium lauryl sulfate Inactive   Titanium dioxide Inactive

IMPRINT INFORMATION Characteristic Appearance Characteristic Appearance Color YELLOW (Green/Yellow opaque) , GREEN (Green/Yellow opaque) Score 1 Shape CAPSULE (Capsule shaped) Symbol true Imprint Code WATSON;785;5mg Coating false Size 4mm

PACKAGING # NDC Package Description Multilevel Packaging 1 0591-0785-01 100 CAPSULE In 1 BOTTLE None 2 0591-0785-05 500 CAPSULE In 1 BOTTLE None

Chlordiazepoxide HCl (Chlordiazepoxide Hydrochloride)

PRODUCT INFO Product Code 0591-0786 Dosage Form CAPSULE Route Of Administration ORAL DEA Schedule CII

INGREDIENTS Name (Active Moiety) Type Strength Chlordiazepoxide Hydrochloride (Chlordiazepoxide) Active 10 MILLIGRAM  In 1 CAPSULE Lactose Anhydrous Inactive   Microcrystalline Cellulose Inactive   Hydrogenated Vegtable Oil Inactive   Gelatin Inactive   Methylparaben Inactive   Propylparaben Inactive   Silicon dioxide Inactive   Titanium dioxide Inactive   D & C red #28 Inactive   D & C yellow #10 Inactive   FD & C blue #1 Inactive   FD & C red #40 Inactive   FD & C yellow #6 Inactive

IMPRINT INFORMATION Characteristic Appearance Characteristic Appearance Color GREEN (Black/green opaque) , BLACK (Black/green opaque) Score 1 Shape CAPSULE (Capsule-shaped) Symbol true Imprint Code WATSON;786;10mg Coating false Size 4mm

PACKAGING # NDC Package Description Multilevel Packaging 1 0591-0786-01 100 CAPSULE In 1 BOTTLE None 2 0591-0786-05 500 CAPSULE In 1 BOTTLE None

Chlordiazepoxide HCl (Chlordiazepoxide Hydrochloride)

PRODUCT INFO Product Code 0591-0787 Dosage Form CAPSULE Route Of Administration ORAL DEA Schedule CII

INGREDIENTS Name (Active Moiety) Type Strength Chlordiazepoxide Hydrochloride (Chlordiazepoxide) Active 25 MILLIGRAM  In 1 CAPSULE Lactose Anhydrous Inactive   Microcrystalline Cellulose Inactive   Hydrogenated Vegtable Oil Inactive   Gelatin Inactive   Methylparaben Inactive   Propylparaben Inactive   Silicon dioxide Inactive   Sodium lauryl sulfate Inactive   Titanium dioxide Inactive

IMPRINT INFORMATION Characteristic Appearance Characteristic Appearance Color WHITE (Green/white opaque) , GREEN (Green/white opaque) Score 1 Shape CAPSULE (Capsule-shaped) Symbol true Imprint Code WATSON;787;25mg Coating false Size 4mm

PACKAGING # NDC Package Description Multilevel Packaging 1 0591-0787-01 100 CAPSULE In 1 BOTTLE None 2 0591-0787-05 500 CAPSULE In 1 BOTTLE None

Revised: 12/2005